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This paper presents a historical parallel corpus of languages spoken in mainland France. It consists of a collection of versions of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, collected during the 19th century. The paper aims to present the interest of such a corpus, its constitution-through XML/TEI encoding, semi-automatic alignment and projection on linguistic maps-and its potential uses for the study of these low-resource languages.

We introduce ForumOccitania, a new Occitan corpus of posts from an online forum, covering a range of topics and dialects. While some existing datasets for this low-resource language include labels of varieties within the dialect continuum, we go one step further by providing metadata pertaining to sociolinguistic factors of language variation (dialect, geographical location, age, proficiency), extracted from self-declared user profiles. We carry out statistical and qualitative analyses, as well as preliminary experiments on unsupervised dialect identification. Our results show that (i) most of the contents is written in Occitan, with the classical spelling conventions, and by young new speakers, (ii) posts display a strong presence of dialectal features from four major Occitan varieties (Lemosin, Lengadocian, Gascon, Provençau), and (iii) a simple topic modelling approach introduced by Kuparinen and Scherrer (2024) effectively detects salient features of these four varieties, but also reveals finer-grained diatopical variation tendencies.

Occitan is a Romance language spoken mostly in the South of France and characterised by rich dialectal variation, which can pose problems for certain NLP tools. This shortfall is largely attributable to the scarcity of dialect-annotated corpora, in a context where linguistic classification within the Occitan dialect continuum is still debated and major nomenclatures, such as ISO 639, fail to provide granular codes for varieties below the generic “Occitan” label. In this paper, we introduce OcWikiDialects, a new dataset comprising articles from the Occitan Wikipedia. The corpus features rich metadata, including dialect labels, and is segmented at both paragraph and sentence levels. Combined with previously released datasets, we explore approaches for Occitan dialect identification by training three types of model on up to 8 labels: linear SVM classifiers based on word and character n-grams, FastText classifiers based on pretrained vectors, and BERT-based neural classifiers adapted through fine-tuning. Evaluations across in- and out-of-domain test sets demonstrate the substantial impact of our new dataset for the task. However, a peak macro-averaged F1 score of 58.15 underscores persistent challenges for underrepresented Occitan varieties, supported by our per-dialect analysis. Code, dataset and models are available: https://github.com/DEFI-COLaF/OcWikiDialects.

Description du processus de développement et d’anonymisation d’un corpus en occitan issu d’un forum en ligne et riche en métadonnées liées à la variation dialectale.

Aligned corpus of Standard Breton and Standard French, coming from the mailing list of an associative structure, Kontañ-kaoz in Plogonnec in Finistère. Yann-Bêr Rivalin is the creator of the original bilingual material. Mélanie Jouitteau aligned both texts and very lightly edited inconsistencies and typos. The corpus is not anonymized, but the content is that of public announcements.

Whether or not several Creole languages which developed during the early modern period can be considered genetic descendants of European languages has been the subject of intense debate. This is in large part due to the absence of evidence of intermediate forms. This work introduces a new open corpus, the Moly\'e corpus, which combines stereotypical representations of three kinds of language variation in Europe with early attestations of French-based Creole languages across a period of 400 years. It is intended to facilitate future research on the continuity between contact situations in Europe and Creolophone (former) colonies.

ARBRES is an ongoing project of open science implemented as a platform (“wikigrammar”) documenting both the Breton language itself and the state of research and engineering work in linguistics and NLP. Along its nearly 15 years of operation, it has aggregated a wealth of linguistic data in the form of interlinear glosses with translations illustrating lexical items, grammatical features, dialectal variations… While these glosses were primarily meant for human consumption, their volume and the regular format imposed by the wiki engine used for the website also make them suitable for machine processing. ARBRES Kenstur is a new parallel corpus derived from the glosses in ARBRES, including about 5k phrases and sentences in Breton along with translations in standard French. The nature of the original data — sourced from field linguistic inquiries meant to document the structure of Breton — leads to a resource that is mechanically more concerned with the internal variations of the language and rare phenomena than typical parallel corpora. Preliminaries experiments in using this corpus show that it can help improve machine translation for Breton, demonstrating that sourcing data from field linguistic documentation can be a way to help provide NLP tools for minority and low-resource languages.

The Occitan language is a less resourced language and is classified as `in danger' by the UNESCO. Thereby, it is important to build resources and tools that can help to safeguard and develop the digitisation of the language. CorpusArièja is a collection of 72 texts (just over 41,000 tokens) in the Occitan language of the French department of Ariège. The majority of the texts needed to be digitised and pass within an Optical Character Recognition. This corpus contains dialectal and spelling variation, but is limited to prose, without diachronic variation or genre variation. It is an annotated corpus with two levels of lemmatisation, POS tags and verbal inflection. One of the main aims of the corpus is to enable the conception of tools that can automatically annotate all Occitan texts, regardless of the dialect or spelling used. The Ariège territory is interesting because it includes the two variations that we focus on, dialectal and spelling. It has plenty of authors that write in their native language, their variety of Occitan.

Parallel corpora are still scarce for most of the world's language pairs. The situation is by no means different for regional languages of France. In addition, adequate web interfaces facilitate and encourage the use of parallel corpora by target users, such as language learners and teachers, as well as linguists. In this paper, we describe ParCoLab, a parallel corpus and a web platform for querying the corpus. From its onset, ParCoLab has been geared towards lower-resource languages, with an initial corpus in Serbian, along with French and English (later Spanish). We focus here on the extension of ParCoLab with a parallel corpus for four regional languages of France: Alsatian, Corsican, Occitan and Poitevin-Saintongeais. In particular, we detail criteria for choosing texts and issues related to their collection. The new parallel corpus contains more than 20k tokens per regional language.

This corpus contains a collection of texts in the Alsatian dialects which were manually annotated with parts-of-speech, lemmas, translations into French and location entities. The corpus was produced in the context of the RESTAURE project, funded by the French ANR. The current version of the corpus contains 21 documents and 12,907 syntactic words. The annotation process is detailed in the following article: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01704806 Information about version 3 Version 3 corrects some minor errors in the CONLL-U files: wrong token indexes after multiword tokens and missing _ in glosses. In addition, all files are concatenated into a single CONLL-U file. Information about version 2 Version 2 contains the same annotated documents as version 1, but some errors have been corrected and the annotated corpus is provided in the CoNLL-U format The untokenised and unannotated versions of the documents are found in the "txt" folder. The annotated versions of the documents are found in the "ud" folder (CoNLL-U format). In addition to the form, the lemma and the part-of-speech additional information is also provided: translation of the lemma into French (Gloss field) annotation of location names (NamedType field)

This paper is a position paper concerning corpus-building strategies in minoritized languages in the Global North. It draws attention to the structure of the non-technical community of speakers, and concretely addresses how their needs can inform the design of technical solutions. Celtic Breton is taken as a case study for its relatively small speaker community, which is rather well-connected to modern technical infrastructures, and is bilingual with a non-English language (French). I report on three different community internal initiatives that have the potential to facilitate the growth of NLP-ready corpora in FAIR practices (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability). These initiatives follow a careful analysis of the Breton NLP situation both inside and outside of academia, and take advantage of preexisting dynamics. They are integrated to the speaking community, both on small and larger scales. They have in common the goal of creating an environment that fosters virtuous circles, in which various actors help each other. It is the interactions between these actors that create qualityenriched corpora usable for NLP, once some low-cost technical solutions are provided. This work aims at providing an estimate of the community’s internal potential to grow its own pool of resources, provided the right NLP resource gathering tools and ecosystem design. Some projects reported here are in the early stages of conception, while others build on decade-long society/research interfaces for the building of resources. All call for feedback from both NLP researchers and the speaking communities, contributing to building bridges and fruitful collaborations between these two groups.

Ce travail présente des contributions récentes à l'effort de doter l'occitan de ressources et outils pour le TAL. Plusieurs ressources existantes ont été modifiées ou adaptées, notamment un tokéniseur à base de règles, un lexique morphosyntaxique et un corpus arboré. Ces ressources ont été utilisées pour entraîner et évaluer des modèles neuronaux pour la lemmatisation. Dans le cadre de ces expériences, un nouveau corpus plus large (2 millions de tokens) provenant du Wikipédia a été annoté en parties du discours, lemmatisé et diffusé.

This paper outlines the ongoing effort of creating the first treebank for Occitan, a low-ressourced regional language spoken mainly in the south of France. We briefly present the global context of the project and report on its current status. We adopt the Universal Dependencies framework for this project. Our methodology is based on two main principles. Firstly, in order to guarantee the annotation quality, we use the agile annotation approach. Secondly, we rely on pre-processing using existing tools (taggers and parsers) to facilitate the work of human annotators, mainly through a delexicalized cross-lingual parsing approach. We present the results available at this point (annotation guidelines and a sub-corpus annotated with PoS tags and lemmas) and give the timeline for the rest of the work.

This article describes the creation of corpora with part-of-speech annotations for three regional languages of France: Alsatian, Occitan and Picard. These manual annotations were performed in the context of the RESTAURE project, whose goal is to develop resources and tools for these under-resourced French regional languages. The article presents the tagsets used in the annotation process as well as the resulting annotated corpora.

The annotation of corpora for lower-resource languages can benefit from automatic preannotation to increase the throughput of the annotation process in a a context where human resources are scarce. However, this can be hindered by the lack of available pre-annotation tools. In this work, we compare three preannotation methods in zero-shot or near-zeroshot contexts for part-of-speech (POS) and dependency annotation of an Alsatian Alemannic dialect. Our study shows that good levels of annotation quality can be achieved, with human annotators adapting their correction effort to the perceived quality of the pre-annotation. The pre-annotation tools also vary in efficiency depending on the task, with better global results for a system trained on closely related languages and dialects.